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US President Donald Trump. © Albert Arhó S/Getty Images
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Looking at the over 200 executive orders US President Donald Trump signed on his first day back in office, you can see that nothing at all connects his policy directions toward Africa. This is a clear reflection of the strategic direction of US foreign policy under the MAGA Republicans.
However, African leaders need to take cognizance of the following outcomes from the American president’s executive orders: 1) on energy security; 2) on the protection of the US as the preserver of currency of international trade; 3) on trade and tariffs.
All three orders directly connect to African politics in international affairs.
Energy security and climate
For instance, the executive order on energy security effectively put America in the mood of a national energy emergency. It tends to condemn all the extreme climate-driven, anti-fossil fuel policies by withdrawing from the Paris Climate Agreement through the drill-baby-drill rhetoric.
This will put Trump’s energy policy in confrontation many African countries that ratified the Paris Climate Agreement. Practically all 54 African countries have signed the Paris Agreement and most of them have ratified Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
The US has traditionally used the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) as a bargaining chip to ensure complete compliance with the new climate diplomatic regime. In exchange for international aid and development programs, African countries are expected to comply.
The EU and the US have over time convinced Africans to enact legislation and establish frameworks and models to ensure compliance with the ratified climate change agreement. With Trump’s complete withdrawal from the accord, it means that African countries that rushed to ratify this agreement may have to either rollback the progress made on this front for them to continue to ally with the US, or remain within the framework and face the obvious backlash from the new US energy policy.
African policymakers should have listened to the Global South’s views on climate change and adopted a slow but steady approach, not rush into a venture that will turn out to be unprofitable, as it is now. For instance, Russian President Vladimir Putin has long doubted the extreme measures taken by the Western world’s climate change policies. President Putin’s evolving views on the subject of climate change and global energy security have turned out to be true, by the current assertion of the new energy emergency enacted by the Trump administration.
Trump’s executive order on National Energy Emergency includes a wide range of provisions intended to “unleash America’s affordable and reliable energy and natural resources.” This ends the Biden administration’s pause on approvals for new LNG exports. It also starts processes for easing regulations on oil and gas production, scrapping appliance efficiency standards, and changing regulations that encourage sales of electric vehicles.
The new policy will reshape the African energy market significantly. Would Africa be a competitor to the US?
In 2023, Africa exported a combined value of 5 million barrels of oil, mostly to India, Spain, France, the US, and the Netherlands, the same markets the Trump Administration is planning to target for its energy exports. If the energy policy advocated by the Trump administration expanded the scope of oil exploration by the US, which currency serves as the largest energy exporter in the world, then the African energy market might likely be in open competition with the US.
Dollar protection
On the protection of the dollar, Trump hopes his administration’s executive order on cryptocurrency will help in organizing American digital assets, including the dollar, effectively maintaining its global dominance in international transactions as the currency of choice.
The order focuses on promoting US leadership in blockchain, digital assets and other emerging financial technologies, including cryptocurrency. It emphasizes various points about US leadership in digital asset and financial technology, as well as changes in several previous US policy directives over actions in these sectors.
Key policies include: ensuring access to open public blockchain networks for lawful purposes; promoting the US dollar’s sovereignty through lawful dollar-backed stablecoins; ensuring fair access to banking services; providing regulatory clarity with technology-neutral regulations; protecting against the risks of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) by prohibiting their establishment and use in the US.
While believing that this policy is futuristic and a masterpiece, the US is late to the party. Not just because of the time-lapse wasted on the Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) policies of the Biden administration, but the simple fact that it was an individualistic effort to create a global financial technology. The BRICS countries were far ahead in this program.
From the last BRICS summit in Kazan, Russia, the partnership between BitRiver and the Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF) aims to create crypto and AI data centers across BRICS nations, enhancing computing power and reducing reliance on Western technology. This was not just theoretical – it has been practiced between Russia and Iran, Russia and China.
It is hardly going to be easy for President Trump to rally the traditional US allies, especially the EU, behind his new digital crypto initiative, considering his anti-European America First stance.
More so, for Africa, the dollar has been the strongest tool that pushes inflation beyond ordinary levels while weakening the per capita income of the people of Africa. Thus, the African opportunity within the BRICS institutions for economic and exchange trade platforms will be more beneficial to African development. The America First policy will push African countries to rally behind the multipolar Global South alliance of the BRICS nations.
The dollar-backed loans to Africa have far-reaching consequences for the continent’s economies, stoking producer import costs and fueling inflation. It will also make debt servicing among many low-income countries much harder, especially dollar-denominated loans payable from weaker local currencies. However, moving in the direction of the BRICS trading system will make Trump’s crypto executive order less appealing and disincentivizing, not just to Africa, but the rest of the world.
“We will tariff and tax foreign countries”
The executive order on tariff and trade from Trump’s America First Trade Policy makes it even harder for weaker African countries to trade with the US. “I will immediately begin the overhaul of our trade system to protect American workers and families,” Trump said in his inauguration speech in the US Capitol Rotunda. “Instead of taxing our citizens to enrich other countries, we will tariff and tax foreign countries to enrich our citizens.”
Trump also said in his address he would establish a new government office called the External Revenue Service, which will be tasked with collecting tariff revenue.
“It will be massive amounts of money pouring into our treasury coming from foreign sources,” he declared.
To a layman, this means the more you buy or sell to America, the more you pay. People and nations venture into businesses to make a profit. A situation whereby you have to pay extra to another sovereign state’s external revenue service is strange. However, it remains to be seen how Trump’s ideas will be implemented in practice.
Overall, Trump’s America First policies will push every responsible nation to think of themselves first. Relationships between nations and countries are no longer going to be built on mutual values or respect – but on mutual transactions. To President Trump, everything is transactional.
Africa is not an exception in this regard. African leaders will naturally have to also plan, play, and push an Africa First agenda.
